THE FREE HANGING PENDULUM
Combine Equations

Substitute previous values for V and H:

Expand:

Terms cancel:



Note:
= 1 (Pythagorean identity)

Move all terms to left side of =

Assume pendulum is uniform rod with moment of inertia I =

Also assume small angle approximation sin(
) = 

Divide both sides by 

Let
,

This is our characteristic equation of motion for the free hanging pendulum.
Compare it with the characteristic equation for the inverted pendulum.